publications

Reinforcement Learning, Reward Modeling & Policy Optimization

1. ICML

   On GRPO Collapse in Search-R1: The Lazy Likelihood-Displacement Death Spiral

   Wenlong Deng, Yi Li, Boqing Gong, Yangjun Ren, Christos Thrampoulidis, and Xiaoxiao Li

   International Conference on Machine Learning, 2026

   Bib

   @article{deng2026grpo,
     title = {On GRPO Collapse in Search-R1: The Lazy Likelihood-Displacement Death Spiral},
     author = {Deng, Wenlong and Li, Yi and Gong, Boqing and Ren, Yangjun and Thrampoulidis, Christos and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {International Conference on Machine Learning},
     year = {2026},
   }

2. ICLR

   Token Hidden Reward: Steering Exploration-Exploitation in Group Relative Deep Reinforcement Learning

   Wenlong Deng, Yangjun Ren, Yi Li, Boqing Gong, Danica J. Sutherland, Xiaoxiao Li, and Christos Thrampoulidis

   International Conference on Learning Representations, 2026

   Bib

   @article{deng2026token,
     title = {Token Hidden Reward: Steering Exploration-Exploitation in Group Relative Deep Reinforcement Learning},
     author = {Deng, Wenlong and Ren, Yangjun and Li, Yi and Gong, Boqing and Sutherland, Danica J. and Li, Xiaoxiao and Thrampoulidis, Christos},
     journal = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
     year = {2026},
   }

3. ICML-W

   Directional Alignment Mitigates Reward Hacking in Reinforcement Learning for Language Models

   Wenlong Deng, Jiahe Huang, Kaan Ozkara, Yi Li, Christos Thrampoulidis, Xiaoxiao Li, and Youngsuk Park

   ICML Workshop on Aligning Reinforcement Learning Experimentalists and Theorists (AIWILD), 2026

   Bib

   @article{deng2026directional,
     title = {Directional Alignment Mitigates Reward Hacking in Reinforcement Learning for Language Models},
     author = {Deng, Wenlong and Huang, Jiahe and Ozkara, Kaan and Li, Yi and Thrampoulidis, Christos and Li, Xiaoxiao and Park, Youngsuk},
     journal = {ICML Workshop on Aligning Reinforcement Learning Experimentalists and Theorists (AIWILD)},
     year = {2026},
   }

4. NeurIPS

   On the Effect of Negative Gradient in Group Relative Deep Reinforcement Optimization

   Wenlong Deng, Yangjun Ren, Muchen Li, Danica J. Sutherland, Xiaoxiao Li, and Christos Thrampoulidis

   Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2025

   Bib

   @article{deng2025negative,
     title = {On the Effect of Negative Gradient in Group Relative Deep Reinforcement Optimization},
     author = {Deng, Wenlong and Ren, Yangjun and Li, Muchen and Sutherland, Danica J. and Li, Xiaoxiao and Thrampoulidis, Christos},
     journal = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
     year = {2025},
   }

5. NeurIPS

   A Reinforcement Learning-based Bidding Strategy for Data Consumers in Auction-based Federated Learning

   Xiaoli Tang, Han Yu, and Xiaoxiao Li

   Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2025

   Bib

   @article{tang2025reinforcement,
     title = {A Reinforcement Learning-based Bidding Strategy for Data Consumers in Auction-based Federated Learning},
     author = {Tang, Xiaoli and Yu, Han and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
     year = {2025},
   }

6. arXiv

   GSS: Gated Subspace Steering for Selective Memorization Mitigation in LLMs

   Xin Zhang, Huifang Shang, and Xiaoxiao Li

   arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.08901, 2026

   Bib PDF

   @article{zhang2026gss,
     title = {GSS: Gated Subspace Steering for Selective Memorization Mitigation in LLMs},
     author = {Zhang, Xin and Shang, Huifang and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.08901},
     year = {2026},
   }

Agentic Systems, Planning & Optimization

1. Agent

   When Single-Agent with Skills Replace Multi-Agent Systems and When They Fail

   Xiaoxiao Li

   Agentic Skills Workshop, 2026

   Bib

   @article{li2026singleagent,
     title = {When Single-Agent with Skills Replace Multi-Agent Systems and When They Fail},
     author = {Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {Agentic Skills Workshop},
     year = {2026},
   }

2. ICML

   TextResNet: Decoupling and Routing Optimization Signals in Compound AI Systems via Deep Residual Tuning

   Shuo Huang, Muchen Li, Han Yu, and Xiaoxiao Li

   International Conference on Machine Learning, 2026

   Bib

   @article{huang2026textresnet,
     title = {TextResNet: Decoupling and Routing Optimization Signals in Compound AI Systems via Deep Residual Tuning},
     author = {Huang, Shuo and Li, Muchen and Yu, Han and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {International Conference on Machine Learning},
     year = {2026},
   }

3. ICLR

   Textual Equilibrium Propagation for Deep Compound AI Systems

   Minghui Chen, Wenlong Deng, James Zou, Han Yu, and Xiaoxiao Li

   International Conference on Learning Representations, 2026

   Bib

   @article{chen2026textual,
     title = {Textual Equilibrium Propagation for Deep Compound AI Systems},
     author = {Chen, Minghui and Deng, Wenlong and Zou, James and Yu, Han and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
     year = {2026},
   }

4. arXiv

   Spend Less, Reason Better: Budget-Aware Value Tree Search for LLM Agents

   Yi Li, Wenlong Deng, Jiahe Li, and Xiaoxiao Li

   arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.12634, 2026

   Bib PDF

   @article{li2026spend,
     title = {Spend Less, Reason Better: Budget-Aware Value Tree Search for LLM Agents},
     author = {Li, Yi and Deng, Wenlong and Li, Jiahe and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.12634},
     year = {2026},
   }

5. arXiv

   AgentArk: Distilling Multi-Agent Intelligence into a Single LLM Agent

   Yao Luo, Yizhu Jin, Wei Yu, Muhan Zhang, Sanjiv Kumar, Xiaoxiao Li, and Jindong Wang

   arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.03955, 2026

   Bib PDF

   @article{luo2026agentark,
     title = {AgentArk: Distilling Multi-Agent Intelligence into a Single LLM Agent},
     author = {Luo, Yao and Jin, Yizhu and Yu, Wei and Zhang, Muhan and Kumar, Sanjiv and Li, Xiaoxiao and Wang, Jindong},
     journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.03955},
     year = {2026},
   }

Data-Centric AI: Valuation, Curation & Synthetic Data

1. ACL

   Efficient Forward-Only Data Valuation for Pretrained LLMs and VLMs

   Wenlong Deng, Jing Zhang, Qi Zeng, Christos Thrampoulidis, Boqing Gong, and Xiaoxiao Li

   Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2026

   Bib

   @article{deng2026forward,
     title = {Efficient Forward-Only Data Valuation for Pretrained LLMs and VLMs},
     author = {Deng, Wenlong and Zhang, Jing and Zeng, Qi and Thrampoulidis, Christos and Gong, Boqing and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
     year = {2026},
   }

2. ICLR

   GMValuator: Similarity-based Data Valuation for Generative Models

   Jiaxi Yang, Wenlong Deng, Benlin Liu, Yangsibo Huang, James Zou, and Xiaoxiao Li

   International Conference on Learning Representations, 2025

   Bib PDF Code

   @article{yang2025gmvaluator,
     title = {GMValuator: Similarity-based Data Valuation for Generative Models},
     author = {Yang, Jiaxi and Deng, Wenlong and Liu, Benlin and Huang, Yangsibo and Zou, James and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
     year = {2025},
   }

3. ICML-W

   Enhancing Clinical Multiple-Choice Questions Benchmarks with Knowledge Graph Guided Distractor Generation

   Running Yang, Wenlong Deng, Minghui Chen, Yuan Zhou, and Xiaoxiao Li

   ICML Workshop on Reliable and Responsible Foundation Models (RRFM), 2025

   Bib

   @article{yang2025enhancing,
     title = {Enhancing Clinical Multiple-Choice Questions Benchmarks with Knowledge Graph Guided Distractor Generation},
     author = {Yang, Running and Deng, Wenlong and Chen, Minghui and Zhou, Yuan and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {ICML Workshop on Reliable and Responsible Foundation Models (RRFM)},
     year = {2025},
   }

4. arXiv

   MedReason: Eliciting Factual Medical Reasoning Steps in LLMs via Knowledge Graphs

   Juncheng Wu, Wenlong Deng, Xiaoxiao Li, and  others

   arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.00993, 2025

   Bib PDF

   @article{wu2025medreason,
     title = {MedReason: Eliciting Factual Medical Reasoning Steps in LLMs via Knowledge Graphs},
     author = {Wu, Juncheng and Deng, Wenlong and Li, Xiaoxiao and others},
     journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.00993},
     year = {2025},
   }

5. JAIR

   Differentially Private Neural Tangent Kernels (DP-NTK) for Privacy-Preserving Data Generation

   Yilin Yang, Kamil Adamczewski, Xiaoxiao Li, Danica J. Sutherland, and Mijung Park

   Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 2024

   Bib

   @article{yang2024dpntk,
     title = {Differentially Private Neural Tangent Kernels (DP-NTK) for Privacy-Preserving Data Generation},
     author = {Yang, Yilin and Adamczewski, Kamil and Li, Xiaoxiao and Sutherland, Danica J. and Park, Mijung},
     journal = {Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research},
     volume = {81},
     pages = {683--700},
     year = {2024},
   }

Evaluation, Robustness & Verification for Deployment

1. ICML

   When RAG Hurts: Diagnosing and Mitigating Attention Distraction in Retrieval-Augmented LVLMs

   Beidi Zhao, Wenlong Deng, Xiang Liao, Yi Li, Nafisa Shaikh, Yuchen Nie, and Xiaoxiao Li

   International Conference on Machine Learning, 2026

   Bib

   @article{zhao2026rag,
     title = {When RAG Hurts: Diagnosing and Mitigating Attention Distraction in Retrieval-Augmented LVLMs},
     author = {Zhao, Beidi and Deng, Wenlong and Liao, Xiang and Li, Yi and Shaikh, Nafisa and Nie, Yuchen and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {International Conference on Machine Learning},
     year = {2026},
   }

2. arXiv

   Verification Mirage: Mapping the Reliability Boundary of Self-Verification in Medical VQA

   Ruinan Jin, Beidi Zhao, Mintong Kang, Qiong Zhang, and Xiaoxiao Li

   arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.10850, 2026

   Bib PDF

   @article{jin2026verification,
     title = {Verification Mirage: Mapping the Reliability Boundary of Self-Verification in Medical VQA},
     author = {Jin, Ruinan and Zhao, Beidi and Kang, Mintong and Zhang, Qiong and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.10850},
     year = {2026},
   }

3. arXiv

   RVCBench: Benchmarking the Robustness of Voice Cloning Across Modern Audio Generation Models

   Xiang Liao, Ruinan Jin, Han Yu, Devang Pandya, and Xiaoxiao Li

   arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.00443, 2026

   Bib PDF

   @article{liao2026rvcbench,
     title = {RVCBench: Benchmarking the Robustness of Voice Cloning Across Modern Audio Generation Models},
     author = {Liao, Xiang and Jin, Ruinan and Yu, Han and Pandya, Devang and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.00443},
     year = {2026},
   }

4. MICCAI

   DUCX: Decomposing Unfairness in Tool-Using Chest X-ray Agents

   Zikang Xu, Ruinan Jin, and Xiaoxiao Li

   International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, 2026

   Bib

   @article{xu2026ducx,
     title = {DUCX: Decomposing Unfairness in Tool-Using Chest X-ray Agents},
     author = {Xu, Zikang and Jin, Ruinan and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention},
     year = {2026},
   }

5. NeurIPS

   FairMedFM: Fairness Benchmarking for Medical Imaging Foundation Models

   Ruinan Jin, Zikang Xu, Yuan Zhong, Qiongsong Yao, Qi Dou, S. Kevin Zhou, and Xiaoxiao Li

   Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2024

   Bib PDF Code

   @article{jin2024fairmedfm,
     title = {FairMedFM: Fairness Benchmarking for Medical Imaging Foundation Models},
     author = {Jin, Ruinan and Xu, Zikang and Zhong, Yuan and Yao, Qiongsong and Dou, Qi and Zhou, S. Kevin and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
     year = {2024},
   }

6. SaTML

   Backdoor Attack on Unpaired Medical Image-Text Foundation Models: A Pilot Study on MedCLIP

   Ruinan Jin, Chun-Yin Huang, Chenyu You, and Xiaoxiao Li

   IEEE Conference on Secure and Trustworthy Machine Learning, 2024

   Bib PDF

   @article{jin2024backdoor,
     title = {Backdoor Attack on Unpaired Medical Image-Text Foundation Models: A Pilot Study on MedCLIP},
     author = {Jin, Ruinan and Huang, Chun-Yin and You, Chenyu and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {IEEE Conference on Secure and Trustworthy Machine Learning},
     year = {2024},
   }

Optimization & Distributed (Large-Scale) Learning

1. ICLR

   Can Textual Gradient Work in Federated Learning?

   Minghui Chen, Ruinan Jin, Wenlong Deng, Yuanyuan Chen, Zhi Huang, Han Yu, and Xiaoxiao Li

   International Conference on Learning Representations, 2025

   Bib PDF

   @article{chen2025can,
     title = {Can Textual Gradient Work in Federated Learning?},
     author = {Chen, Minghui and Jin, Ruinan and Deng, Wenlong and Chen, Yuanyuan and Huang, Zhi and Yu, Han and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
     year = {2025},
   }

2. ICLR

   DARE the Extreme: Revisiting Delta-Parameter Pruning for Fine-Tuned Models

   Wenlong Deng, Yize Zhao, Vala Vakilian, Minghui Chen, Xiaoxiao Li, and Christos Thrampoulidis

   International Conference on Learning Representations (Spotlight), 2025

   Bib PDF Code

   @article{deng2025dare,
     title = {DARE the Extreme: Revisiting Delta-Parameter Pruning for Fine-Tuned Models},
     author = {Deng, Wenlong and Zhao, Yize and Vakilian, Vala and Chen, Minghui and Li, Xiaoxiao and Thrampoulidis, Christos},
     journal = {International Conference on Learning Representations (Spotlight)},
     year = {2025},
   }

3. AAAI

   Federated Causally Invariant Feature Learning

   Xin Guo, Kai Yu, Lei Cui, Han Yu, and Xiaoxiao Li

   Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2025

   Bib

   @article{guo2025federated,
     title = {Federated Causally Invariant Feature Learning},
     author = {Guo, Xin and Yu, Kai and Cui, Lei and Yu, Han and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
     year = {2025},
   }

4. NeurIPS

   Class-wise Balancing Data Replay for Federated Class-Incremental Learning

   Zhuang Qi, Yuan-Pei Tang, Lei Meng, Han Yu, Xiaoxiao Li, and Xiangxu Meng

   Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2025

   Bib

   @article{qi2025classwise,
     title = {Class-wise Balancing Data Replay for Federated Class-Incremental Learning},
     author = {Qi, Zhuang and Tang, Yuan-Pei and Meng, Lei and Yu, Han and Li, Xiaoxiao and Meng, Xiangxu},
     journal = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
     year = {2025},
   }

5. ICML

   FedCal: Achieving Local and Global Calibration in Federated Learning via Aggregated Parameterized Scaler

   Hongyi Peng, Han Yu, Xiaoli Tang, and Xiaoxiao Li

   International Conference on Machine Learning, 2024

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{peng2024fedcal,
     title = {FedCal: Achieving Local and Global Calibration in Federated Learning via Aggregated Parameterized Scaler},
     author = {Peng, Hongyi and Yu, Han and Tang, Xiaoli and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {International Conference on Machine Learning},
     year = {2024},
   }

6. ICML

   Overcoming Data and Model Heterogeneities in Decentralized Federated Learning via Synthetic Anchors

   Chun-Yin Huang, Karthik Srinivas, Xin Zhang, and Xiaoxiao Li

   International Conference on Machine Learning, 2024

   Bib PDF Code

   @article{huang2024overcoming,
     title = {Overcoming Data and Model Heterogeneities in Decentralized Federated Learning via Synthetic Anchors},
     author = {Huang, Chun-Yin and Srinivas, Karthik and Zhang, Xin and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {International Conference on Machine Learning},
     year = {2024},
   }

7. CVPR

   Unlocking the Potential of Prompt-Tuning in Bridging Generalized and Personalized Federated Learning

   Wenlong Deng, Christos Thrampoulidis, and Xiaoxiao Li

   Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2024

   Bib PDF Code

   @article{deng2024unlocking,
     title = {Unlocking the Potential of Prompt-Tuning in Bridging Generalized and Personalized Federated Learning},
     author = {Deng, Wenlong and Thrampoulidis, Christos and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition},
     year = {2024},
   }

8. NeurIPS

   Local Superior Soups: A Catalyst for Model Merging in Cross-Silo Federated Learning

   Minghui Chen, Meirui Jiang, Xin Zhang, Qi Dou, Zehua Wang, and Xiaoxiao Li

   Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2024

   Bib PDF

   @article{chen2024local,
     title = {Local Superior Soups: A Catalyst for Model Merging in Cross-Silo Federated Learning},
     author = {Chen, Minghui and Jiang, Meirui and Zhang, Xin and Dou, Qi and Wang, Zehua and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
     year = {2024},
   }

9. NeurIPS

   Federated Model Heterogeneous Matryoshka Representation Learning

   Liping Yi, Han Yu, Chao Ren, Gang Wang, Xiaoguang Liu, and Xiaoxiao Li

   Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2024

   Bib PDF

   @article{yi2024federated,
     title = {Federated Model Heterogeneous Matryoshka Representation Learning},
     author = {Yi, Liping and Yu, Han and Ren, Chao and Wang, Gang and Liu, Xiaoguang and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
     year = {2024},
   }

Vision and Multimodal Perception

1. MICCAI

   LoFi: Location-Aware Fine-Grained Representation Learning for Chest X-ray

   Myeongkyun Kang, Yanting Yang, and Xiaoxiao Li

   International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, 2026

   Bib PDF

   @article{kang2026lofi,
     title = {LoFi: Location-Aware Fine-Grained Representation Learning for Chest X-ray},
     author = {Kang, Myeongkyun and Yang, Yanting and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention},
     year = {2026},
   }

2. ICLR

   S4M: S4 for Multivariate Time Series Forecasting with Missing Values

   Jing Peng, Meiqi Yang, Qiong Zhang, and Xiaoxiao Li

   International Conference on Learning Representations, 2025

   Bib PDF Code

   @article{peng2025s4,
     title = {S4M: S4 for Multivariate Time Series Forecasting with Missing Values},
     author = {Peng, Jing and Yang, Meiqi and Zhang, Qiong and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
     year = {2025},
   }

3. ICML

   Learning High-Order Relationships of Brain Regions

   Weikang Qiu, Huangrui Chu, Selena Wang, Haolan Zuo, Xiaoxiao Li, Yize Zhao, and Rex Ying

   International Conference on Machine Learning, 2024

   Bib PDF Code

   @article{qiu2024learning,
     title = {Learning High-Order Relationships of Brain Regions},
     author = {Qiu, Weikang and Chu, Huangrui and Wang, Selena and Zuo, Haolan and Li, Xiaoxiao and Zhao, Yize and Ying, Rex},
     journal = {International Conference on Machine Learning},
     year = {2024},
   }

4. MedIA

   MMGPL: Multimodal Medical Data Analysis with Graph Prompt Learning

   Liang Peng, Songyue Cai, Zongqian Wu, Huifang Shang, Xiaofeng Zhu, and Xiaoxiao Li

   Medical Image Analysis, 2024

   Bib PDF

   @article{peng2024mmgpl,
     title = {MMGPL: Multimodal Medical Data Analysis with Graph Prompt Learning},
     author = {Peng, Liang and Cai, Songyue and Wu, Zongqian and Shang, Huifang and Zhu, Xiaofeng and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {Medical Image Analysis},
     year = {2024},
   }

5. ACM MM

   A Simple and Provable Approach for Learning on Noisy Labeled Multi-modal Medical Images

   Nan Wang, Zonglin Di, Hui He, Qingchao Jiang, and Xiaoxiao Li

   ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 2024

   Bib

   @article{wang2024simple,
     title = {A Simple and Provable Approach for Learning on Noisy Labeled Multi-modal Medical Images},
     author = {Wang, Nan and Di, Zonglin and He, Hui and Jiang, Qingchao and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {ACM International Conference on Multimedia},
     year = {2024},
   }

6. MICCAI

   Debiased Noise Editing on Foundation Models for Fair Medical Image Classification

   Ruinan Jin, Wenlong Deng, Minghui Chen, and Xiaoxiao Li

   International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, 2024

   Bib

   @article{jin2024debiased,
     title = {Debiased Noise Editing on Foundation Models for Fair Medical Image Classification},
     author = {Jin, Ruinan and Deng, Wenlong and Chen, Minghui and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention},
     year = {2024},
   }

Biomedical & Scientific Discovery

1. Nat. Methods

   BUDDY: molecular formula discovery via bottom-up MS/MS interrogation

   Shipei Xing, Sam Shen, Banghua Xu, Xiaoxiao Li, and Tao Huan

   Nature Methods, 2023

   Bib HTML

   @article{xing2023buddy,
     title = {BUDDY: molecular formula discovery via bottom-up MS/MS interrogation},
     author = {Xing, Shipei and Shen, Sam and Xu, Banghua and Li, Xiaoxiao and Huan, Tao},
     journal = {Nature Methods},
     year = {2023},
   }

2. MedIA

   PTCMIL: Multiple Instance Learning via Prompt Token Clustering for Whole Slide Image Analysis

   Beidi Zhao, SangMook Kim, Hao Chen, Chen Zhou, Zu-hua Gao, Gang Wang, and Xiaoxiao Li

   Medical Image Analysis, 2026

   Bib PDF

   @article{zhao2026ptcmil,
     title = {PTCMIL: Multiple Instance Learning via Prompt Token Clustering for Whole Slide Image Analysis},
     author = {Zhao, Beidi and Kim, SangMook and Chen, Hao and Zhou, Chen and Gao, Zu-hua and Wang, Gang and Li, Xiaoxiao},
     journal = {Medical Image Analysis},
     year = {2026},
   }